Comparación del acondicionamiento físico en alumnos de tres escuelas del Ejército Nacional de Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.679Palabras clave:
acondicionamiento, capacidad aeróbica, educación física, educación militar, fuerza muscular, fuerzas armadasResumen
Una condición física adecuada es fundamental para el desempeño y la supervivencia en operaciones militares. Por ello, este estudio evalúa el acondicionamiento físico de los militares en formación de tres escuelas del Ejército Nacional de Colombia mediante un estudio transversal, donde se midieron y compararon variables morfológicas y fisiológicas de 120 estudiantes (40 por escuela). Se evidenciaron diferencias en el consumo de VO2 mediante el test de Léger; en flexibilidad mediante el test de Sit and Reach; en fuerza prensil mediante dinamometría de mano; en tiempo de vuelo mediante plataformas de salto y en el índice de masa corporal. Aunque el plan de entrenamiento del Ejército es estándar, estas diferencias en el acondicionamiento, favorables para la escuela de soldados profesionales, se deben a su intensidad, duración y frecuencia.
Descargas
Referencias bibliográficas
Aandstad, A., Hageberg, R., Sæther, O., & Nilsen, R. O. (2012). Change in anthropometrics and aerobic fitness in air force cadets during 3 years of academy studies. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 83(1), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.3357/ASEM.3069.2012
Abdillah, M., Prabowo, T., & Prananta, M. S. (2016). Comparison of VO2 Max prediction value, physiological response, and Borg scale between 12-minute and 3200-meter run fitness tests among Indonesian Army soldiers. International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences, 4(2), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.15850/ijihs.v4n2.836
Anderson, M., Grier, T., Canham-Chervak, M., Bushman, T., Nindl, B., & Jones, B. (2017). Effect of mandatory unit and individual physical training on fitness in military men and women. American Journal of Health Promotion, 31(5), 378-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116666977
Blacker, S., Horner, F., Brown, P., Linnane, D., Wilkinson, D., Wright, A., Bluck, L., & Rayson, M. (2011). Health, fitness, and responses to military training of officer cadets in a Gulf Cooperation Council country. Military Medicine, 176(12), 1376-1381. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00166
Bosco, C., & Komi, P. (1979). Mechanical characteristics and fiber composition of human leg extensor muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 41(4), 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429744
Burley, S., Drain, J., Sampson, J., & Groeller, H. (2018). Positive, limited and negative responders: The variability in physical fitness adaptation to basic military training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(11), 1168-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.06.018
Burley, S., Drain, J., Sampson, J., Nindl, B., & Groeller, H. (2020). Effect of a novel low volume, high intensity concurrent training regimen on recruit fitness and resilience. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(10), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.03.005
Campos, L., Campos, F., Bezerra, T., & Pellegrinotti, Í. (2017). Effects of 12 weeks of physical training on body composition and physical fitness in military recruits. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(4), 560-567. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466411/
Cawley, J., & Maclean, J. C. (2010). Unfit for service: The implications of rising obesity for U.S. military recruitment. http://www.nber.org/papers/w16408
Cormie, P., McCaulley, G., & McBride, J. (2007). Power versus strength-power jump squat training: Influence on the load-power relationship. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(6), 996-1003. https://doi.org/10.1097/mss.0b013e3180408e0c
Cubides, J. R. (Ed.). (2020). Caracterización del fitness del militar colombiano. Escuela Militar de Cadetes “General José María Córdova”. https://doi.org/10.21830/9789585241466
Dyrstad, S., Soltvedt, R., & Hallén, J. (2006). Physical fitness and physical training during Norwegian military service. Military Medicine, 171(8), 736-741. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.171.8.736
Ejército Nacional de Colombia. (2016). Directiva de programa de acondicionamiento fisico. En Lineamientos para el acondicionamiento físico del personal del Ejército Nacional (p. 58).
Friedl, K. (2012). Body composition and military performance—many things to many people. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26, 87-100.
García, G. C., & Secchi, J. D. (2014). Test course navette de 20 metros con etapas de un minuto. Una idea original que perdura hace 30 años. Apunts Medicina de l’Esport, 49(183), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2014.06.001
Haddock, C., Poston, W., Heinrich, K., Jahnke, S., & Jitnarin, N. (2016). The benefits of high-intensity functional training fitness programs for military personnel. Military Medicine, 181(11), e1508-e1514. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00503
Harman, E., Gutekunst, D., Frykman, P., Nindl, B., Alemany, J., Mello, R., & Sharp, M. (2008). Effects of two different eight-week training programs on military physical performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(2), 524-534. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816347b6
Holt, L., Pelham, T., & Burke, D. (1999). Modifications to the standard sit-and-reach flexibility protocol. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(1), 43-47.
Kori-Lindner, C. (2000). Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects: World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Klinische Pharmakologie Aktuell, 11(3), 26-28.
Kraemer, W., Vescovi, J., Volek, J., Nindl, B., Newton, R., Patton, J., Dziados, J., French, D., & Häkkinen, K. (2004). Effects of concurrent resistance and aerobic training on load-bearing performance and the army physical fitness test. Military Medicine, 169(12), 994-999. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED.169.12.994
Kyröläinen, H., Pihlainen, K., Vaara, J., Ojanen, T., & Santtila, M. (2018). Optimising training adaptations and performance in military environment. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(11), 1131- 1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.019
Lenart, D. (2015). Sports activity as a factor differentiating the level of somatic constitution and physical fitness of officer cadets at the Military Academy of Land Forces. Human Movement, 16(4), 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1515/humo-2015-0048
Ministerio de Salud. (1993, 4 de octubre). Resolución 8430 de 1993, por la cual se establecen las normas cientificas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. https://bit.ly/3v4FXUO
Müller-Schilling, L., Gundlach, N., Böckelmann, I., & Sammito, S. (2019). Physical fitness as a risk factor for injuries and excessive stress symptoms during basic military training. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 92(6), 837-841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-019- 01423-6
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES]. (2011). Muscle strength procedures manual.
Nogueira, E., Porto, L., Nogueira, R., Martins, W., Fonseca, R., Lunardi, C., & De Oliveira, R. (2016). Body composition is strongly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in a large Brazilian military firefighter cohort: The Brazilian firefighters study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001039
Pihlainen K., Santtila, M., Häkkinen, K., & Kyröläinen, H. (2018). Associations of physical fitness and body composition characteristics with simulated military task performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(4), 1089-1098.
Piirainen, J., Rautio, T., Tanskanen-Tervo, M., Kyröläinen, H., Huovinen, J., & Linnamo, V. (2019). Effects of 10 weeks of military training on neuromuscular function in non-overreached and overreached conscripts. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 47, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.05.008
Research and Technology Organisation (RTO). (2009). Optimizing Operational Physical Fitness (Optimisation de l’aptitude physique opérationnelle). (Final Report of Task Group 019). https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502544.pdf
Reyes-Guzman, C., Bray, R., Forman-Hoffman, V., & Williams, J. (2015). Overweight and obesity trends among active duty military personnel: A 13-year perspective. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(2), 145-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.033
Rivadeneyra, P., Calero, S., & Parra, H. (2017). Study of the vO2max in trained soldiers at less than 500 m asl and more than 2000 m asl. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomedicas, 36(2), 12-28.
Rojas, P. J. (2017). Doctrina Damasco: eje articulador de la segunda gran reforma del Ejército Nacional de Colombia. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, 15(19), 95-119. https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.78
Rosendal, L., Langberg, H., Skov-Jensen, A., & Kjær, M. (2003). Incidence of injury and physical performance adaptations during military training. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 13(3), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200305000-00006
Salonen, M., Huovinen, J., Kyröläinen, H., Piirainen, J., & Vaara, J. (2019). Neuromuscular performance and hormonal profile during military training and subsequent recovery period. Military Medicine, 184(3- 4), e113-e119. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy176
Sayers, S., Harackiewicz, D., Harman, E., Frykman, P., & Rosenstein, M. (1999). Cross-validation of three jump power equations. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(4). https://bit.ly/38oBNO4
Sellers, J., Monaghan, T., Schnaiter, J., Jacobson, B., & Pope, Z. (2016). Efficacy of a ventilatory training mask to improve anaerobic and aerobic capacity in reserve officers’s training corps cadets. Journal of Strength and Conditions Research, 30(4), 1155-1160.
Seo, S., Park, S., Yoon, J., Kim, B., & Jee, H. (2020). The effect of five weeks of basic military training on physical fitness and blood biochemical factors in obese military recruits just conscripted into the army. Exercise Science, 29(2), 154-161. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2020.29.2.154
Steed, C., Krull, B., Morgan, A., Tucker, R., & Ludy, M. (2016). Relationship between body fat and physical fitness in army ROTC cadets. Military Medicine, 181(9), 1007-1012. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00425
Tillin, N., Pain, M., & Folland, J. (2012). Short-term training for explosive strength causes neural and mechanical adaptations. Experimental Physiology, 97(5), 630-641. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.063040
Welsh, T., Alemany, J., Montain, S., Frykman, P., Tuckow, A., Young, A., & Nindl, B. (2008). Effects of intensified military field training on jumping performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-964970
Wills, J., Saxby, D., Glassbrook, D., & Doyle, T. (2019). Load-carriage conditioning elicits task-specific physical and psychophysical improvements in males. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2338-2343. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003243
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. https://bit.ly/38tM6Ap
Yanovich, R., Evans, R., Israeli, E., Constantini, N., Sharvit, N., Merkel, D., Epstein, Y., & Moran, D. (2008). Differences in physical fitness of male and female recruits in gender-integrated army basic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(11 Suppl). https://doi.org/10.1249/mss. 0b013e3181893f30
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
| Estadísticas de artículo | |
|---|---|
| Vistas de resúmenes | |
| Vistas de PDF | |
| Descargas de PDF | |
| Vistas de HTML | |
| Otras vistas | |
