Cinco factores para el acercamiento entre E.E.U.U y Cuba
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.1216Palabras clave:
Cuba, EE. UU., Acercamiento EE. UU. - CubaResumen
El artículo está dedicado al análisis de los cinco factores que pueden asegurar el acercamiento entre EE. UU. y Cuba, tales como la proximidad geográfica, la experiencia histórica de cooperación, los fuertes vínculos económicos existentes entre ambos estados, las implicaciones del fin de la Era Castro, así como las condiciones exteriores especiales. Los autores muestran que EE. UU. y Cuba siguen interconectados incluso en medio del bloqueo económico, señalan que el régimen cubano ya se ha enfrentado a muchos desafíos en términos de desarrollo económico y malestar público y demuestran cómo la nueva realidad internacional favorece la normalización de las relaciones bilaterales.
Descargas
Referencias bibliográficas
ymedio. (2017, August 25). Manifestación en La Habana en apoyo a Nicolás Maduro. https://www.14ymedio.com/nacional/Manifestacion-Habana-apoyo-Nicolas-Maduro_0_2279172068.html
ABC News. (2015, October 15). Cuba, ¿aliado de Rusia y Al Asad en Siria? https://www.abc.es/internacional/20151015/abci-general-cubano-siria-201510152223.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ru%2F
ABC News. (2017, June 17 ). Trump ‘’canceling’’ Obama's Cuba policy but leaves much in place. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trumps-cuba-policy/story?id=48058622
Arab News. (2020, April 29). Pompeo criticizes Qatar, S.Africa for taking Cuban doctors. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1666976/world
BBC Mundo. (2018). Cuba: quién es Miguel Díaz-Canel, el "discípulo predilecto" de Raúl Castro llamado a continuar con el castrismo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-43663157
BBC News Mundo. (2020). Reference en Cuba: la nueva Constitución se aprueba pese a cifra record de fotos en contra. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-4736508
Binns, L. A. (1996). The Demise of the Soviet Empire and its Effects on Cuba. Caribbean Quarterly, 42 (1), 41–54. www.jstor.org/stable/40653962
Blasier, C. (2002). Soviet Imoacts on Latin America. Russian History, 29(2/4), 481-497. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24660798
Brzezinski, Z. (2000). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. Moscow: International Relations.
Campos, C., & Prevost, G. (2015). Cuba in the Western Hemisphere: What Has Changed? International Journal of Cuban Studies, 7(2), 142–63. https://doi.org/10.13169/intejcubastud.7.2.0142
Castro Speech Data Base LANIC. (1993,December 28). Castro Speech Data Base LANIC. Castro Views U.S. Administration, Socialism. http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1993/19931228.html
Castro Speech Data Base LANIC. (1994, January 5). Exclusive' Interview With Castro. http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1994/19940105.html
Centro de Gestión de la Información Económica, M. y. (2019, March 30). Turismo Internacional Indicadores Seleccionados, Enero – Diciembre de 2018. http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicaciondic18.pdf
CNBC. (2020, March 18). Trump defends calling coronavirus 'Chinese virus' — ‘’it's not racist at all’’. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-criticism-trump-defends-saying-chinese-virus.html
Common Dreams. (2019, November 12). Trump Applauds Bolivia’s Military Coup As US Establishment Media Blame Morales For Turmoil. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/11/12/trump-applauds-bolivias-military-coup-us-establishment-media-blame-morales-turmoil
Constitución de la República de Cuba (2019). http://www.granma.cu/file/pdf/gaceta/Nueva%20Constitución%20240%20KB-1.pdf
CubaSí. (2020). President Diaz-Chanel says socialism helps fight COVID-19. http://cubasi.cu/en/news/president-diaz-chanel-says-socialism-helps-fight-covid-19
Dye, A., & Sicotte, R. (1999). U.S.-Cuban Trade Cooperation and Its Unraveling. Business and Economic History, 28(2), 19-31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23703316.
El País. (2109, November 12). México otorga asilo político a Evo Morales. https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/11/11/actualidad/1573504978_938761.html
Erisman, H. (2019). Cuba as a Hemispheric Petropower: Prospects and Consequences. International Journal of Cuban Studies, 43-60. doi:10.13169/intejcubastud.11.1.0043
Fang, Y., & Zheng, J. (2014). Between Poverty and Prosperity: China’s Dependent Development and the Middle-Income Trap. Third World Quarterly, 35(6), 1014–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24522061
Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. (2013). https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70218094/
France24. (2019, February 24 ). US ‘will take action’ in support of Guaido in Venezuela. https://www.france24.com/en/20190224-us-eu-will-take-action-support-guaido-venezuela-maduro-pompeo-colombia
Havana Consulting Group. (2020). COVID-19 puede hacer declinar las remesas a Cuba entre un 30 y 40% en el 2020. http://www.thehavanaconsultinggroup.com/en-us/Articles/Article/74
Helms-Burton Act US. Department of State Archive. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/helms.html
Hugh, T. (2018). World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II. Moscow: AST.
Izvestia. (2022, July 7). Putin accused the West of starting a war in Ukraine. https://iz.ru/1361501/2022-07-07/putin-obvinil-zapad-v-razviazyvanii-voiny-na-ukraine
Kalashnikov, N. (2019). Nueva Constitución es un nuevo paso para renovar el socialismo. En N. Kalashnikov, Cuba Sí! 60 Años de Revolución. Moscow.
Kalashnikov, N. (2017). Cuba on the Eve of Generational Change. Moscow.
Lamrani, S., & Oberg , L. (2015). Rapprochement Cuba/USA: Opportunities and Obstacles. International Journal of Cuban Studies, 7(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.13169/intejcubastud.7.1.0008
Larin, E. (2019). Modern History of Latin America. Moscow.
Lopez-Levy, A. (2016). Cuba-US: The December 17 Agreement in the Rationale of Asymmetric Relations. A New Chapter in US-Cuba Relations Social, Political, and Economic Implications, 27-41.
López-Levy, A., & Abrahams, H. (2010). Anything But Human Rights: US Policy Towards Cuba Under Helms-Burton. International Journal of Cuban Studies 2, 3(4), 315–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41945910.
Mearsheimer, J. (2018). The Great Delusion Liberal Dreams and International Realities. Yale University Press.
Modelski, G. (1987). Long Cycles in World Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Montenegro, C., & Soto, R. (1996). How Distorted is Cuba's Trade? Evidence and Predictions from a Gravity Model. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 5(1), 45-68. doi:10.1080/09638199600000004
Morgenthau, H. J. (1949). Politics Among Nations. The Struggle For Power And Peace.
Moskovskij, K. (2014, July 12). Cuba supports Russia on the Ukrainian issue. https://www.mk.ru/politics/2014/07/12/kuba-podderzhala-rossiyu-po-ukrainskomu-voprosu.html
National Office of Statistics and Information ONEI. (2020). Anuario Estadístico de Cuba. Año 2020 Enero-Diciembre 2020. Retrieved from http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/15_turismo.pdf
National Office of Statistics and Information ONEI. (2021). Arribo de Viajeros y Visitantes Internacionales 2021(Diciembre). http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/arribo_de_viajeros_y_visitantes_internacionales_diciembre_2021.pdf
National Security Strategy . (2017). https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf
OEC. (2022). Cuba: Exports, Imports and Trade Partners. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/cub?compareExports0=comparisonOption5&depthSelector1=HS2Depth&yearSelector1=exportGrowthYear16&yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow1
Perez-Lopez, J. F. (1988). Cuban-Soviet Sugar Trade: Price and Subsidy Issues. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 7 (1), 123–147. www.jstor.org/stable/3338444
Pew Research Center. (2017). Facts on Hispanics of Cuban origin in the United States, 2017. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/fact-sheet/u-s-hispanics-facts-on-cuban-origin-latinos/
Platt Amendment . (1903). Retrieved from https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=55
RBC. The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding to end the blockade of Cuba. (2019, November 7). Retrieved August 2, 2020, from https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5dc47c199a794768f7c75268
Reuters. (2021, July 12). Cuba sees biggest protests for decades as pandemic adds to woes. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/street-protests-break-out-cuba-2021-07-11/
RGRU. (2022 July 7). Putin: The West has already lost, the scrapping of the American world order has begun. https://rg.ru/2022/07/07/putin-zapad-uzhe-proigral-nachalsia-slom-miroporiadka-po-amerikanski.html
RIA Novosti. (2019, January 12). Expelled from Brazil Cuban doctors are going to Venezuela, Maduro said. https://ria.ru/20190112/1549257857.html
Rodríguez, T. (2015). US Foreign Policy towards Cuba: Historical Roots, Traditional Explanations and Alternative. International Journal of Cuban Studies , 7 (1), 16-37.
Rogin, J. (2018, November 1). The Washington Post. Bolton promises to confront Latin America’s “Troika of Tyranny. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/bolton-promises-to-confront-latin-americas-troika-of-tyranny/2018/11/01/df57d3d2-ddf5-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html
Rosetti, P., & Holland, A. (2015). Potential Areas of Cooperation Between the United States and Cuba. American Security Project. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06032.
The Guardian. (2018). Cuba's new leader vows to modernise economy but no return to capitalism. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/cuba-president-miguel-diaz-chanel-modernise-economy
The Guardian. (2020,February 11). Trump puts Cuban doctors in firing line as heat turned up on island economy. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/11/trump-puts-cuban-doctors-in-firing-line-as-heat-turned-up-on-island-economy
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Comment by the Information and Press Department on the joint address to the UN Secretary-General urging the withdrawal of unilateral sanctions in view of the spread of the coronavirus. (2020, March 27). https://www.mid.ru/en/maps/cu/-/asset_publisher/ZCoR8WfDPJng/content/id/4093009
The Ostend Manifesto. (1854, October 15). https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1854OstendManifesto.pdf
The White House. (2018, April 15). Remarks by Vice President Pence at First Plenary Session of the Summit of the Americas. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-by-vice-president-pence-at-first-plenary-session-of-the-summit-of-the-americas/
The World Bank. (2022). GDP growth (annual %) - Cuba, World. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2020&locations=CU-1W&start=2000
UN General Assembly resolution 68/262. (2014, March 27). https://undocs.org/ru/A/RES/68/262
United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11/1. (2022). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N22/272/29/PDF/N2227229.pdf?OpenElement
US Congress. H.R.2966 United States-Cuba Normalization Act . (2017). Retrieved August 3, 2020, from US Congress: https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2966?s=1&r=64
US Department of State. (2022). Biden Administration Expands Support to the Cuban People. https://www.state.gov/biden-administration-expands-support-to-the-cuban-people/
Washington Post. (2019, April 17). Trump administration announces new measures against Cuba. Retrieved July 28, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-administration-announces-new-measures-against-cuba/2019/04/17/cfc2bc96-6132-11e9-9ff2-abc984dc9eec_story.html
Washington Post. (2019, September 7). U.S. sets limits on money Cuban Americans can send to family in Cuba. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-sets-limits-on-money-cuban-
Whittlesey, D. (1922). Geographic Factors in the Relations of the United States and Cuba. Geographical Review, 12(2), 241–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/208739
Wiesel, I. (1968). Cuban Economy and the Revolution. Acta Oeconomica, 3(2), 203-220. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40727812
World Data. (2022). Development of the tourism sector in Cuba from 1995 to 2020. https://www.worlddata.info/america/cuba/tourism.php#:~:text=Cuba%20generated%20around%201.15%20billion,international%20tourism%20receipts%20in%20Caribbean.&text=On%20average%2C%20each%20of%20the,spent%20about%20897%20US%20Dollars.
Xinhuanet. (2018). Miguel Diaz-Chanel elected as Cuba's new president, vows continuity of socialism. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/20/c_137123597.htm
Yotov, Y. V., Larch, M., Monteiro, J.-A., & Piermartini, R. (2016). An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model. World Trade Organization. https://doi.org/10.30875/abc0167e-en
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Revista Científica General José María Córdova
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
| Estadísticas de artículo | |
|---|---|
| Vistas de resúmenes | |
| Vistas de PDF | |
| Descargas de PDF | |
| Vistas de HTML | |
| Otras vistas | |
